Guides

Excel Guides for Financial Analysts

Practical, no-fluff how-tos for auditing, cleaning, and shipping models. 193 guides and counting.

Comparisons

A Deckary Alternative for Private, No-AI Model Auditing

Looking for a Deckary alternative? ModelMint audits and cleans models with deterministic tools that run locally, no cloud AI, for $99 a year.

A Lighter Macabacus Alternative for Auditing and Sharing

Macabacus vs ModelMint for Excel: where each fits, and why a focused tool can be the better Macabacus alternative for auditing at a lower price.

A QuickCel Alternative for Auditing and Sharing

A QuickCel alternative for analysts who want stronger auditing and safe sharing. Compare ModelMint's tools and pricing to QuickCel's.

An ASAP Utilities Alternative for Financial Modeling

ASAP Utilities is a broad general-Excel toolkit; ModelMint is purpose-built for auditing, cleaning, and sharing financial models. How they differ.

An Arixcel Alternative for Auditing and Sharing

An Arixcel alternative with transparent pricing. Compare ModelMint's auditing and sharing tools to Arixcel Explorer's deep formula mapping.

An UpSlide Alternative for Solo Analysts

UpSlide is enterprise, team-only, quote-priced. ModelMint is an UpSlide alternative for the solo analyst: model auditing and cleanup at $99 a year.

Best Excel Add-ins for Financial Analysts

A practical look at Excel add-ins that earn their place in a financial analyst's workflow, from data tools to formula auditing, and how to pick what fits.

Excel Add-in Comparison for Financial Analysts

An honest 2026 comparison of Excel add-ins for financial analysts: ModelMint vs Macabacus, UpSlide, QuickCel, Arixcel, WST Macros, and more.

Free Excel Audit Tools and When to Upgrade

Free Excel audit tools cover the basics with built-in tracing and error checking. Learn what they miss and when a paid add-in earns its cost.

Macabacus Pricing (and a Cheaper Alternative)

What Macabacus costs per user per year, what each tier includes, and a cheaper alternative for solo analysts at $99 a year.

ModelMint vs Ablebits Ultimate Suite

Need an Ablebits alternative for financial models? ModelMint focuses on auditing and sharing, while Ablebits is a general data-wrangling pack.

ModelMint vs Arixcel Explorer

ModelMint vs Arixcel Explorer: how a focused auditing-and-sharing add-in compares to a deep formula-visualization tool for Excel, on features and pricing.

ModelMint vs Deckary

Deckary is an AI agent that drafts and audits models; ModelMint is deterministic, local Excel tooling. How they differ and who should pick which.

ModelMint vs FE Max

ModelMint vs FE Max for financial modelers: features, platform, telemetry, and price. ModelMint is $99/year self-serve; FE Max is enterprise quote-based.

ModelMint vs Macabacus

ModelMint vs Macabacus in 2026: how a focused, affordable audit-and-share add-in compares to the premium investment-banking suite, on features and price.

ModelMint vs QuickCel

ModelMint vs QuickCel: how a modern auditing-and-sharing add-in compares to a low-cost Excel shortcuts pack, on features, experience, and price.

ModelMint vs TTS Turbo Macros

Looking for a TTS Turbo Macros alternative? Compare ModelMint's auditing and sharing tools to the TTS shortcut and formatting pack.

ModelMint vs UpSlide

ModelMint vs UpSlide: a focused Excel auditing add-in compared to an enterprise document-automation suite. See which fits your team and budget.

ModelMint vs WST Macros

ModelMint vs WST Macros (Wall Street Training): how a focused, modern Excel add-in compares to a training-company macro pack, on features and pricing.

The Cheapest Excel Add-ins for Financial Analysts

Comparing the cheapest Excel add-ins for financial analysts on price and value, with honest notes on where each one fits your budget.

Excel Functions

AND, OR and NOT Functions in Excel

Use the AND, OR and NOT functions in Excel to build logical tests that return TRUE or FALSE, then nest them inside IF to combine multiple conditions cleanly.

EOMONTH and EDATE for Model Timelines

Use EOMONTH in Excel and EDATE to build clean model timelines. Learn the months argument, month-end period headers, and how to offset dates for forecasts.

FILTER, SORT and UNIQUE: Dynamic Arrays in Excel

Learn the FILTER function in Excel with SORT and UNIQUE: spill ranges, the spill # operator, and dynamic schedules in Microsoft 365 and Excel 2021.

FV, PV and NPER: Time Value Functions in Excel

Learn the FV, PV and NPER functions in Excel for time value of money, including the sign convention, periodic rates, and worked loan and savings examples.

How to Use AVERAGEIFS in Excel

Master AVERAGEIFS in Excel to average values that meet multiple criteria, with the correct argument order, worked examples, and how to handle the DIV/0 error.

How to Use COUNTIF and COUNTIFS in Excel

Learn COUNTIF and COUNTIFS in Excel: criteria syntax, multiple conditions, wildcards, and the common pitfalls that trip up financial models.

How to Use HLOOKUP in Excel

Learn HLOOKUP in Excel for horizontal lookups across rows, the row_index_num argument, exact vs approximate match, and why analysts prefer VLOOKUP or XLOOKUP.

How to Use INDIRECT in Excel and the Risks

Learn the INDIRECT function in Excel for dynamic references, why it is volatile, and the auditing risk that it cannot be followed by precedent tracing.

How to Use SUMIFS in Excel

Master SUMIFS for financial models: total revenue or costs by period, segment, and account using multiple criteria, with worked examples and pitfalls.

How to Use SUMPRODUCT in Excel

Master SUMPRODUCT for financial models: array multiplication, weighted averages, and conditional sums across multiple criteria, with worked examples.

How to Use VLOOKUP in Excel

Learn VLOOKUP for financial models: exact vs approximate match, the fragile column index, and why analysts migrate to INDEX MATCH or XLOOKUP.

IFS and SWITCH Functions in Excel

Compare IFS and SWITCH in Excel and learn when each beats a nested IF for tiered logic and exact-match classification in financial models.

INDEX MATCH in Excel for Financial Models

Learn INDEX MATCH for financial models: pull driver assumptions, build flexible lookups that survive inserted columns, and avoid VLOOKUP fragility.

LEFT, RIGHT and MID in Excel

Use LEFT, RIGHT and MID in Excel to extract substrings, combine them with FIND and LEN, and parse tickers and account codes, with examples and pitfalls.

LET and LAMBDA Functions in Excel

Learn the LET function in Excel and LAMBDA: name intermediate calculations for faster, readable formulas and define reusable custom functions.

MAXIFS and MINIFS in Excel

Use MAXIFS and MINIFS in Excel to find the largest or smallest value meeting multiple criteria, with worked examples and an array alternative for old Excel.

Nested IF Statements in Excel

Build and read nested IF formulas in Excel, understand the readability problem, and learn when to switch to IFS or a lookup table in financial models.

PMT, IPMT and PPMT: Loan Functions in Excel

Learn the PMT function in Excel plus IPMT and PPMT. Master the rate divided by 12 rule, the sign convention, and the interest versus principal split.

ROUND, ROUNDUP and ROUNDDOWN in Excel

Master the ROUND function in Excel plus ROUNDUP, ROUNDDOWN and MROUND. Learn num_digits, negative digits, and why display rounding differs from value rounding.

SLN, DB and DDB: Depreciation Functions in Excel

Learn the SLN, DB and DDB depreciation functions in Excel, the difference between straight line and declining balance, and how they feed a schedule.

SUBTOTAL and AGGREGATE in Excel

Learn SUBTOTAL and AGGREGATE in Excel: function-number arguments, ignoring hidden rows and nested subtotals, and AGGREGATE's power to skip errors.

TEXTJOIN and CONCAT in Excel

Use TEXTJOIN and CONCAT in Excel to join text with a delimiter, ignore empty cells, and build dynamic labels, plus how they improve on the old CONCATENATE.

The CHOOSE Function for Scenario Analysis in Excel

Use the CHOOSE function to build clean scenario toggles in financial models. Switch between base, bull, and bear cases with one driver cell.

The OFFSET Function in Excel (and When to Avoid It)

Understand OFFSET for dynamic ranges in financial models, why it is volatile and fragile, and the modern INDEX and dynamic array alternatives.

The TEXT Function in Excel

Learn the TEXT function in Excel: format codes, building dynamic labels, and the key difference between display formatting and the text value TEXT returns.

XIRR vs IRR in Excel

Compare XIRR and IRR in Excel for return analysis. Learn the date based vs period based difference, the guess argument, and which to trust.

XLOOKUP in Excel for Financial Models

Use XLOOKUP in financial models for cleaner assumption pulls, built in error handling, and two way lookups that replace VLOOKUP and INDEX MATCH.

XNPV vs NPV in Excel for DCF Valuation

Compare XNPV and NPV in Excel for DCF valuation. Learn the period vs date assumptions, the initial cash flow trap, and which to use when.

Excel Glossary

Finance Concepts

Accrual vs Cash Accounting

How accrual and cash accounting differ in timing, why financial models are built on accruals, and how the cash flow statement reconciles the two in Excel.

Capex vs Opex

How capex and opex differ, why capex is capitalized and depreciated while opex is expensed now, and the impact on all three financial statements.

DSO, DPO and DIO Explained

What days sales outstanding, days payable outstanding, and days inventory outstanding measure, the formulas, and how to calculate each metric in Excel.

Deferred Revenue Explained

What deferred revenue is, why cash received before delivery is a liability, how it unwinds into revenue over time, and how to model it correctly in Excel.

Depreciation vs Amortization

How depreciation and amortization differ, why both are non-cash charges, how each schedule works, and how to build a straight-line calculation in Excel.

Gross Margin vs Operating Margin

Compare gross margin and operating margin, learn what operating expenses sit between them, and calculate both in Excel to read a margin bridge correctly.

How to Calculate CAGR in Excel

Learn how to calculate CAGR in Excel with the formula, the RRI and POWER alternatives, the off by one years trap, and when CAGR misleads.

The Cash Conversion Cycle Explained

What the cash conversion cycle measures, the formula CCC = DIO + DSO - DPO, how to calculate it in Excel, and what a negative cash conversion cycle means.

The Three Financial Statements Explained

Understand the three financial statements, what the income statement, balance sheet, and cash flow show, and how they link together in Excel.

What Is EBITDA and How to Calculate It

Learn what EBITDA is, both ways to calculate it in Excel, what it excludes, and where adjusted EBITDA helps or misleads inside a financial model.

What Is Free Cash Flow?

Learn what free cash flow is, how to calculate FCF as CFO minus capex in Excel, the difference between levered and unlevered FCF, and why it beats net income.

What Is Goodwill in Accounting?

What goodwill is, why it equals purchase price over fair value of net assets, how impairment works, and where goodwill sits on the balance sheet in a model.

What Is ROIC (Return on Invested Capital)?

What return on invested capital measures, the formula ROIC = NOPAT / Invested Capital, how it compares to WACC, and how to calculate value creation in Excel.

What Is Working Capital?

Learn what working capital is, how to calculate current assets minus current liabilities in Excel, the cash conversion cycle, and why the change in NWC matters.

Financial Modeling

Accretion Dilution Analysis in Excel

Run an accretion dilution analysis in Excel: combine acquirer and target EPS, model the cash, debt, and stock financing mix, and apply the accretive test.

Common Financial Model Errors and How to Catch Them

The financial model errors that bite hardest, from buried hardcodes to broken references and sign flips, plus practical ways to catch each one before review.

Excel Model Checklist Before You Send It

An Excel model checklist to run before sending: clear errors, settle on inputs, tidy the view, strip stray links, and remove metadata so it lands clean.

Financial Modeling Best Practices

Financial modeling best practices that keep models readable, auditable, and trusted: structure, consistent formulas, clear inputs, and disciplined formatting.

How the Three Financial Statements Link Together

Learn how the three statements connect: net income flows to retained earnings and cash flow, the D&A add-back, and ending cash tying back to the balance sheet.

How to Add Data Validation in Excel

Add data validation in Excel to control inputs with dropdown lists, number ranges, and custom rules. Step-by-step setup plus error and input messages.

How to Audit a Budget or Forecast in Excel

A practical method to audit a budget in Excel: reconcile totals, trace the drivers, check period logic, and confirm the forecast actually flows from its inputs.

How to Build a Budget vs Actuals Model in Excel

Build a budget vs actuals model in Excel: variance as actual minus budget, percent variance, favorable versus unfavorable flags, and driver commentary.

How to Build a Cap Table in Excel

Build a cap table in Excel: shares by holder, financing rounds, the option pool, and fully diluted ownership so dilution math ties out every round.

How to Build a Cohort Revenue Model in Excel

Build a cohort revenue model in Excel: monthly cohorts, a retention curve, and the cohort triangle summed down each column to total revenue by period.

How to Build a Debt Schedule in Excel

Build a debt schedule in Excel with beginning balance, mandatory and optional repayments, interest, and a cash sweep, plus how to handle the circularity.

How to Build a Depreciation Schedule in Excel

Build a depreciation schedule in Excel: straight-line depreciation, the PP&E roll-forward of begin plus capex minus depreciation, and a multi-asset waterfall.

How to Build a Revenue Build in Excel

Build a revenue forecast in Excel: top-down versus bottom-up, price times volume, and driver or cohort approaches, all tied back to visible assumptions.

How to Build a Sensitivity Analysis in Excel (Data Tables)

Build a one or two-variable sensitivity analysis in Excel using Data Tables. Step-by-step setup, row and column input cells, and common fixes.

How to Build a Three-Statement Model in Excel

Build a three statement model in Excel: link the income statement to the balance sheet and cash flow, and close the loop with a cash and revolver plug.

How to Build a Unit Economics Model in Excel

Build a unit economics model in Excel: CAC, LTV, the LTV to CAC ratio, payback period, and contribution margin per customer with formulas that tie out.

How to Build a Working Capital Schedule

Build a working capital schedule with days-based drivers DSO, DPO, and DIO, then flow the change in net working capital into the cash flow statement.

How to Build an LBO Model in Excel

Build an LBO model in Excel: sources and uses, debt tranches with a cash sweep, and returns measured by IRR and MOIC from entry to exit.

How to Check a DCF Model in Excel

How to check a DCF model in Excel: verify the discount rate, trace free cash flow to drivers, and confirm terminal value before you trust it.

How to Do Scenario Analysis in Excel

Build base, bull, and bear scenarios in Excel with a clean switch using CHOOSE or INDEX. Step-by-step setup plus the Scenario Manager option.

How to Document a Financial Model

How to document a financial model so anyone can follow it: assumptions tabs, cell comments, consistent color coding, and an inputs versus formulas map.

How to Fix an Unbalanced Balance Sheet in a 3-Statement Model

Balance sheet wont balance? Work through the usual culprits in a 3-statement model: cash flow links, retained earnings, sign errors, and the plug.

How to Handle Circular References in a Financial Model

Handle circular references in a financial model: the interest-on-debt loop, when to enable iterative calculation, and the safer circuit-breaker method.

How to Model ARR and MRR in Excel

Model ARR and MRR in Excel with a recurring revenue roll-forward: beginning, new, expansion, contraction, and churn, then ARR equals MRR times 12.

How to Model Deferred Taxes

Model deferred taxes in Excel: book versus tax depreciation timing differences, the DTL build, and how the liability reverses over an asset's life.

How to Model Stock-Based Compensation

Model stock-based compensation in Excel: SBC as a non-cash add-back, dilution to the share count, and its treatment in free cash flow and valuation.

How to Model a Revolver in Excel

Model a revolver in Excel: minimum cash, the cash sweep, and the interest circularity, plus how to map the circular links with iterative calculation.

How to Review Someone Else's Financial Model

A structured way to review a financial model you did not build: map the structure, test the logic, trace key formulas, and pressure-test the assumptions.

How to Review a Three-Statement Model

Learn how to review a three-statement model in Excel: confirm the statements link, the balance sheet balances, and cash ties out across every period.

How to Understand an Inherited Excel Model

Inherited an Excel model with no documentation? A method to map its structure, trace the logic, and find the assumptions so you can own it with confidence.

How to Use Goal Seek in Excel

Use Goal Seek in Excel to find the input that hits a target output. Step-by-step setup, a worked break-even example, and common error fixes.

How to Validate a Financial Model Before an Investor Call

Learn how to validate a financial model before an investor call: a checklist to catch errors, clean up the file, and avoid embarrassing surprises on screen.

What Is Spreadsheet Risk?

Spreadsheet risk explained: the ways Excel models go wrong, why errors stay hidden, and the practical controls that reduce risk in financial models.

For Your Role

Formatting & Productivity

Conditional Formatting for Financial Models

Apply conditional formatting financial model reviewers expect: highlight inputs, flag errors and variances, add data bars, and avoid the rules overload trap.

Custom Number Formats in Excel for Financial Models

Build custom number formats in Excel for clean financial models: thousands and millions scaling, negatives in parentheses, color codes, and units.

Excel Keyboard Shortcuts for Financial Analysts

The Excel keyboard shortcuts that matter most for financial modeling: navigation, editing, formatting, and auditing, plus a faster way to handle number formats.

Excel Navigation Shortcuts to Work Without a Mouse

Master Excel navigation shortcuts to jump across ranges, select data, and switch sheets without touching the mouse. A keyboard guide for financial modelers.

Excel Number Formatting Shortcuts

The keyboard shortcuts for comma, currency, and percent number formats in Excel, plus a faster way to cycle a selection through every format you use.

Excel Tables and Structured References

Excel tables and structured references make formulas readable and ranges auto-expand. A step by step guide with a model example and the limits to know.

How to Color Code a Financial Model in Excel

Learn the standard blue-input black-formula color convention for financial models, how to apply it by hand, and how to color a whole model in one click.

How to Copy an Excel Range as an Image

Turn a range of Excel cells into a picture you can paste into a slide deck or email. Learn the built-in Copy as Picture tool and a high-resolution alternative.

How to Evaluate and Debug a Formula with F9 in Excel

Learn how to use F9 in Excel to evaluate parts of a formula, debug broken logic, and inspect array results without breaking your financial model.

How to Format Cells in Excel Quickly

Format Excel cells faster with the Format Cells dialog, the keyboard shortcuts, and the Format Painter, plus a one-key way to cycle number formats.

How to Freeze Panes in Excel

Freeze panes in Excel to keep headers and labels visible while you scroll a large model. A step by step guide with a financial use case and common pitfalls.

How to Group and Outline Rows in Excel

Group rows excel users can collapse and expand to hide detail. A step by step guide to outlining, the keyboard shortcuts, and a clean handoff before sending.

How to Lock Cell References with F4 in Excel

Learn how F4 toggles absolute and mixed cell references in Excel so your financial model formulas copy correctly across rows and columns every time.

How to Paste Formulas Without Changing References

Stop Excel from shifting cell references when you copy a formula. Learn the absolute reference trick, the text method, and a one-click exact paste in ModelMint.

How to Record a Macro in Excel

Record a macro in Excel to automate repetitive steps, including relative vs absolute references. A step by step guide and when an add-in beats a recording.

How to Remove Duplicates in Excel

Remove duplicates in Excel by choosing the right key columns, plus safer non-destructive alternatives. A step by step guide with a financial model example.

How to Standardize Formatting Across a Model

How to standardize formatting across an Excel model: consistent number formats, borders, and styles so the whole workbook reads cleanly.

How to Turn On Iterative Calculation in Excel

Enable iterative calculation excel needs for intended circular references like interest on a revolver. The exact setting, max iterations, and the real risk.

How to Use Data Tables in Excel

Build a one variable or two variable data table excel users rely on for sensitivity analysis. A step by step guide with the corner cell formula and key limits.

How to Use Flash Fill in Excel

Use Flash Fill in Excel to split and combine text by example with Ctrl+E. A step by step guide with a financial model use case and the limits to watch for.

How to Use Paste Special in Excel

A practical guide to Paste Special in Excel: paste values only, formats, formulas, transpose, and run arithmetic operations on a range. With keyboard shortcuts.

How to Use Pivot Tables for Financial Analysis

Run pivot table financial analysis from a transaction tab: build the pivot, group by period, refresh on new data, and avoid the GETPIVOTDATA reference trap.

How to Use Scenario Manager in Excel

Use Scenario Manager excel offers to store named sets of inputs and compare outcomes. A step by step guide, the summary report, and when a switch is cleaner.

How to Use Solver in Excel

Use Solver in Excel to optimize an objective across many changing cells and constraints. A step by step guide, a model example, and how it beats Goal Seek.

How to Use Text to Columns in Excel

Use Text to Columns in Excel to split delimited or fixed width data, fix numbers stored as text, and parse dates, with the key pitfalls to avoid.

Power Query Basics for Financial Analysts

Learn Power Query for finance: import, clean, append, and refresh data with Get and Transform. A step by step guide with a model use case and key limits.

The Camera Tool in Excel

The Excel Camera tool creates a live linked picture of a range for dashboards. A step by step guide, a model use case, and how it differs from a static image.

Formula Auditing

Financial Model Review Checklist

A financial model review checklist covering structure, formula consistency, hardcoded inputs, links, and outputs, with the exact Excel tools to use.

How to Audit a Formula in Excel

Learn how to audit a formula in Excel by tracing precedents and dependents, checking inputs, and catching errors before they spread through your model.

How to Audit an Excel Financial Model

A practical workflow for auditing an inherited Excel financial model: map the structure, trace the logic, check inputs, and verify the math.

How to Find All Formulas in a Worksheet

Learn how to find all formulas in Excel on a worksheet, separate them from typed values, and spot the formulas that hide hardcoded numbers.

How to Find Circular References in Excel

Find and fix circular references in Excel using the status bar warning, the Error Checking menu, and formula tracing to break the loop.

How to Find Cross-Sheet References in Excel

Learn how to find cross-sheet references in Excel so you know which cells pull from other tabs before you move, rename, or delete a sheet.

How to Find Formula Errors in Excel

Find and fix Excel formula errors fast: spot error values, use Error Checking and Evaluate Formula, and wrap risky formulas with IFERROR.

How to Find Inconsistent Formulas in Excel

Learn how to find inconsistent formulas in Excel where one cell in a row breaks the pattern, plus the hardcodes that quietly cause them.

How to Find Where a Number Comes From in Excel

Learn how to find where a number comes from in Excel by walking precedents one layer at a time, so every output traces back to a real input.

How to Find the Cells That Feed a Total

Learn how to find the cells that feed a total in Excel and confirm a SUM picks up every row it should, with no missing or stray cells.

How to Map Dependencies in an Excel Model

Learn how to map dependencies in Excel so you understand how sheets connect, which cells link out, and what breaks if you change a tab.

How to Show Formulas in Excel

Show formulas instead of results in Excel with the Ctrl+grave shortcut or the Show Formulas button, plus how to print and audit them quickly.

How to Trace Dependents in Excel

Find every cell that depends on a given cell in Excel using the auditing arrows, the Ctrl+] shortcut, or a clickable dependents tree in ModelMint.

How to Trace Precedents in Excel

Three ways to trace a formula's precedents in Excel: the Formula Auditing arrows, the keyboard shortcut, and a faster click-through tree with ModelMint.

How to Trace an Error to Its Source in Excel

Learn how to trace an error in Excel back to the cell that caused it, so a single #DIV/0! or #REF! does not poison your whole model.

Hardcodes & Links

Names & Errors

Sharing & Tools

How to Clean Up an Excel Spreadsheet

Learn how to clean up an Excel spreadsheet: fix inconsistent data, remove duplicates and blanks, and clear out the clutter that hides in a workbook.

How to Convert Formulas to Values in Excel

Learn how to convert formulas to values in Excel with Paste Special, plus how to do it safely across a whole workbook before sharing.

How to Email an Excel Workbook as a PDF

Send an Excel workbook or a single sheet as a PDF over email: export to PDF, attach it in Outlook, or skip the steps and drop it straight into a draft.

How to Paste an Excel Table Into PowerPoint

Learn the best ways to get an Excel table into PowerPoint, from paste options to a crisp high-res image that stays sharp on a projector.

How to Prepare an Excel File to Share

A pre-send checklist for Excel: hide gridlines, reset zoom, check external links, and strip metadata before you send a workbook. Plus a one-click way.

How to Protect a Workbook Before Sharing

Learn how to protect a workbook before sharing in Excel using sheet protection, encryption, and a quick cleanup pass so nothing leaks.

How to Reduce Excel File Size

Learn how to reduce Excel file size by clearing unused ranges, compressing images, and removing the hidden data that quietly bloats a workbook.

How to Remove Gridlines in Excel

Turn off Excel's gridlines on screen and in print, understand the per-sheet setting, and hide them across a whole workbook before you share it.

How to Remove Metadata From an Excel File

Strip hidden metadata from an Excel workbook before sharing: author name, comments, and document properties, via the Document Inspector or one click.

How to Send a Financial Model to a Client

Learn how to send a financial model to a client cleanly: choose the right format, strip internal data, and email it as PDF or XLSX without surprises.

How to Share an Excel File Without Breaking Links

Learn how to share Excel without breaking links by hardcoding external references so recipients never see update prompts or missing source errors.

Valuation

Cost of Equity and CAPM in Excel

Calculate cost of equity with CAPM in Excel: the risk-free rate, beta, and equity risk premium, with a worked example and the inputs that drive the result.

DCF vs Comparable Company Analysis

DCF vs comps: intrinsic versus relative valuation, when each is trusted, and how to triangulate a defensible value range, with a worked Excel example.

Enterprise Value vs Equity Value

Learn enterprise value vs equity value, the bridge between them, and which valuation multiples pair with each so you never mismatch numerator and denominator.

How to Build a Comparable Company Analysis

Build a comparable company analysis: pick comps, pull EV/EBITDA, EV/Sales, and P/E, apply the median to your target, and read off the implied value range.

How to Build a DCF Model in Excel

Build a DCF model in Excel from scratch. Project free cash flow, discount at WACC, add terminal value, and bridge enterprise value to per share value.

How to Build a Football Field Valuation Chart

Build a football field valuation chart in Excel: turn DCF, comps, and precedent ranges into floating stacked bars, then drop the chart into a deck cleanly.

How to Calculate Net Debt

How to calculate net debt: total debt minus cash and equivalents, and its role in the enterprise value to equity bridge, with a worked Excel example.

How to Calculate WACC in Excel

Calculate WACC in Excel step by step. Build the cost of equity with CAPM, find the after tax cost of debt, weight by capital, and apply the formula.

IRR vs MOIC in Private Equity

IRR vs MOIC explained for private equity: MOIC is total out over total in, IRR is time-weighted, and why a high MOIC can still be a low IRR over a long hold.

Levered vs Unlevered Beta

Levered vs unlevered beta explained: why you strip out capital structure with the Hamada formula, then relever to a target ratio, with a worked Excel example.

Precedent Transaction Analysis in Excel

Build a precedent transaction analysis in Excel: screen deals, compute transaction multiples, factor in the control premium, and compare with trading comps.

Sum of the Parts Valuation in Excel

Sum of the parts valuation in Excel: value each segment on its own multiple, add the pieces, subtract net debt, and apply a conglomerate discount.

The Dividend Discount Model in Excel

Build the dividend discount model in Excel: Gordon growth, the two-stage version, and cost of equity as the discount rate, with a worked example.

The Mid-Year Convention in a DCF

Learn the mid-year convention in a DCF: discount each period at period minus 0.5, why it raises value, and how to toggle it cleanly in Excel.

Unlevered Free Cash Flow Explained

Understand unlevered free cash flow: EBIT after tax plus D&A minus capex and the change in net working capital, why it is capital structure neutral.

What Is Terminal Value in a DCF?

Terminal value captures cash flow beyond the forecast in a DCF. Compare Gordon growth and exit multiple methods, discount it back, and sanity check it.

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